Vaginal atrophy, now often called genitourinary syndrome of menopause, is thinning, drying, and reduced elasticity of vaginal tissue that commonly follows a drop in estrogen around menopause. It can cause dryness, irritation, and discomfort during intimacy, and there are several management options to discuss with a provider.

Vaginismus is the involuntary tightening of the muscles around the vaginal opening in response to attempted penetration, which can make intercourse painful or impossible. It is treatable, often with pelvic floor therapy and gradual, guided approaches.

A personal lubricant is a product used to reduce friction and increase comfort during sexual activity. Common types include water-based lubricants, which are versatile and condom- and product-safe, and silicone-based lubricants, which last longer and suit water but should not be used with silicone products.